Zoroastrisma ietekme uz jūdaismu priekšstatos par pēcnāves dzīvi: elles sodu sisteēma Ardā Virāz un viduslaiku vizionārajos midrāšos

Abstract

Disertacijas pamata ir teze par noteiktiem pecnaves elementiem, kas judaisma (viduslaiku pseidoepigrafiskie teksti) aizguti no zoroastrisma. Šada pieeja balstita uz tekstu salidzinašanu. Akademiskaja literatura atrodama plaša starpdisciplinara diskusija par šo tematiku, tacu ta ir vispareja un tai trukst detalizeta skatijuma. Disertacijas merkis ir noskaidrot noteiktus vizionara žanra tekstu t.s. elles celojumu (tours of hell - Martas Himmelfarbas terminologija) elementus, kuri sastopami aprakstos. Tekstos aprakstits Dieva izveleta varona celojums uz vinpasauli – mus galvenokart interese elles sodu specifika, saskana ar kuru grecinieki tiek tiesati pec atmaksas (talion) principa. Darba uzdevuma ietilpst analitisks tekstos sastopamo kopigo vai modificeto elementu izvertejums (t.s. pakaršanas sodi, elles novietojums ziemelos, soda engeli un mocitaji, u.c.) tekstos. Ši disertacija ir meginajums pieradit saistibu starp atseviškiem viduslaiku judu elles celojumu elementiem un zoroastriešu Arda Viraz Namag (“Gramata par taisnigo Virazu”, 9- 10. gs. zoroastriešu kopienas traktats, kurš ietver vinpasaules celojumu, lai skatitu debesu godibu un elles sodus), ka ari citiem sasanidu perioda Iranas (226-651 g. m.e.) pehlevi tekstiem (lidz m.e. 9.gs.). Zoroastriešu elles celojumu aprakstiem raksturigi atseviški ipaši spilgti elementi, kuri salidzinami ar identiskiem vai lidzigiem judu elles celojumu (t.s. viduslaiku vizionarie midraši) elementiem. Ideja par “pakaršanas sodiem”, saskana ar kuru grecinieki elle ir pakarti aiz grecigas kermena dalas, visticamak aizguta no zoroastriešiem; detalas to apliecina Arda Viraz Namag. Judu viduslaiku vizionarie midraši, kuri bija populari tautas masas (tacu rabinu neatbalstiti), var tikt uzskatiti par agrino judu pseidoepigrafu un apokrifu tradiciju turpinatajiem. Tie tika detalizeti izstradati 9-14.gs., kas hronologiski atbilst Arda Viraz Namag un lielakas dalas seno zoroastriešu mutisko tradiciju pierakstišanas laikam no 9- 10.gs. (seviški 9.gs.). 3 Atslegvardi: Zoroastrisma-judaisma ietekme, individuala eshatologija, vizionarais celojums, elles celojumi, demonstrativie paskaidrojumi, elles sodi, pakaršanas sodi, mutiska un rakstita tradicija, parmantošana, pseidoepigrafi, folkloras motivi un iezimes, sasanidu periods, zoroastriešu Arda Viraz Namag (abreviatura AVN), judu viduslaiku vizionarie midraši

The main issue addressed in the present dissertation is whether Judaism (its Pseudepigraphic Medieval literary successors are implied) had borrowed certain concepts of Zoroastrian afterlife and how this can be exposed through the medium of available texts. There has been quite an extended discussion among scholars of various fields on this issue in general; yet there is a certain lack of a more detailed approach. The following dissertation deals with the certain features of the description of hell („tours of hell” of visionary genre) within the context of otherworldly journeys of a God elected hero particularly concerned with the details of punishment of the sinners using principle of retaliation (talion) as means of reward. The task of the author is to carry out an analytical comparison between these common elements or its modified forms (hanging punishments, location of hell in northern regions, angels of punishment and various tormenting creatures, etc.) inherent at textual sources. The main thesis of my doctoral research makes an attempt to research Jewish Medieval tours of hell as closely resembling concepts behind Arda Wiraz Namag („The Book of the Righteous Wiraz”, 9th-10th century, Zoroastrian community treatise on otherworldly journey to have a glimpse of heavenly bliss and punishments in hell) and other Pahlavi texts (up till the 9th century C.E.) of Sasanid period in Iran (226 C.E.-651 C.E.). Zoroastrian descriptions of hell tours bear some particular elements which are exclusively vivid, especially in comparison to identical Jewish hell tours (Medieval visionary midrash) comprising the same or similar elements. The concept of “hanging punishments” according to which the sinners are hung up by the part of the body they had sinned with is reviewed. The original idea of a principle of the correspondence of a punished limb to a crime committed is probably mostly borrowed from Zoroastrians; this statement could be approved by their book Arda Wiraz Namag. Medieval Jewish visionary midrash which was popular among masses (however not supported by rabbis) can be considered as a descendant of earlier Jewish Pseudepigraphal and Apocryphal traditions. It received more elaborated form between the 9th and 14th centuries, and chronologically corresponds to fixing of Arda Wiraz Namag in a written form and most of Zoroastrian centuries old traditions written down during the 9th and 10th centuries (esp. 9th Cent.). 3 Key words and phrases: Zoroastrian-Jewish interaction, individual eschatology, visionary journey, tours of hell, demonstrative explanations, hell punishments, hanging punishments, oral and written tradition, transmission, Pseudepigrapha, folk motifs and features, Sasanid period, Zoroastrian Arda Wiraz Namag (abbreviated as AWN), Medieval Jewish visionary midrash