Kalnu Karabahas konflikts: galvenie aspekti

Abstract

Kalnu Karabahas konflikts bija viens no vissvarīgakiem notikumiem Armēnijai, Kalnu Karabahai un Azerbaidžānai no 1988 gada līdz mūsu laikam. Kalnu Karabaha konflikts nav «iesaldēts konflikts», līdzīgi izmaiņām Armēnijas un Azerbaidžānas starptautiskajā politikā. Kalnu Karabahas konflikta veiksmīgs atrisinājums var veicināt stabilitāti «saspringtā» Kaukāza reģionā, tapāt arī globālo stabilitāti krievu-rietumu attiecībās. Konflikts Kalnu Karabahas jautājumā ir ļoti interesants no starptautisko attiecību viedokļa. Pirmkārt, tas ir daudzpusīgs un ilgstošs konflikts, kas attīstījās kā iekšējs konflikts lielvalsts iekšienē, bet ļoti ātri pārvērtās par starptautisku konfliktu. Kalnu Karabahas konflikts beidzās ar pamieru, bet pēdējais nav sasniegts vairāk nekā desmitgades ilgušu sarunu laikā. Neskatoties uz šīm pūlēm, ilgstoša spriedze starp Armēniju un Azerbaidžānu negatīvi ietekmē visu Kaukāzu. Četri gadi veltīti militārajām sadursmēm ir raksturīgi ar trim galvenajiem aspektiem reģionā, iekļaujot simt tūkstošus bēgļu un, reģiona ekonomisko sabrukumu, savstarpējo netolerances atmosfēru un naidu starp divām valstīm. Drošības paradigmas kontekstā, kurā cilvēks un viņa cieņa tiek apskatīti kā augstākā prioritātes, eksistē vitāli svarīga nepieciešamība risināt jautājumu par pārvietotām personām, kas ir parādījušies minēto notikumu kontekstā. Darbs satur detalizētu Kalnu Karabahas vēsturi un konflikta izcelsmes apstākļu izklāstu trijās nodaļās. Darba pēdējās trīs nodaļas ir veltītas konflikta analīzei un ar to saistītām konsekvencēm mūsdienās.

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has been one of the most important issues on the agenda of Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan from early 1988 until now. Nagorno-Karabakh is not a “frozen conflict” as changes in the internal policies of Armenia and Azerbaijan as well as changes in the international system have affected different aspects of the conflict. The successful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict will promote further stability in the explosive Caucasus region as well as global stability in the context of Russian-Western relations. The conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh is very interesting from the viewpoint of international relations. First, it is a multifaceted and protracted conflict which developed as an internal conflict of a superpower, but very quickly was transformed to an international conflict. In addition, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict ended with a cease-fire agreement, but the final settlement has not been reached during more than a decade of ongoing negotiations. Despite these efforts, lingering tensions between Armenia and Azerbaijan negatively affect the Caucasus as a whole. Four years of warfare have had three major impacts on the region, including the creation of hundreds of thousands of refugees and internally displaced people on both sides, the economic breakdown of the region, and the creation of an atmosphere of mutual intolerance and hatred between two neighboring nations. In the context of the new security paradigm where the human being and its dignity are viewed as top priorities, there is a vital need to address the issue of those who were displaced in order to create a viable peace in the region. The analysis shows that the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is one of the longest and most protracted conflicts on the territory of the former Soviet Union. It affects not only the overall situation in the Transcaucasus but also determines the life of millions of people on both sides. The unsolved “neither war, nor peace” situation is a big contributing factor to the delayed development of the region in political, economic, and social sectors. As a result of the unresolved conflict, both countries have developed strong military and authoritarian regimes which have contributed to an absence of the rule of law and good governance on one side, and an increase in Islamic fundamentalism on the other.