Mildronāta protektīvās aktivitātes izpēte ar diabētu saistīto kardiovaskulāro slimību modeļos
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Latvijas Universitāte
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lav
Abstract
Otrā tipa cukura diabēts ir slimība, kam raksturīgi glikozes un lipīdu metabolisma
traucējumi. Pacientiem ar 2. tipa cukura diabētu ir paaugstināts daudzu slimību attīstības
risks, tai skaitā kardiovaskulāro. Klīniskajos pētījumos pierādīts, ka diabēta
komplikāciju un citu patoloģiju attīstība ir saistīta ar hiperglikēmijas līmeni asinīs un
glikozes koncentrācijas samazināšana veicina kardiovaskulāro notikumu incidences
samazināšanos.
Mildronāts ir karnitīna biosintēzes inhibitors, kas, samazinot taukskābju oksidāciju,
aizsargā miokardu išēmijas-reperfūzijas laikā. Kaut gan ir zināmi mildronāta efekti uz
taukskābju metabolismu, tomēr nav pētīta mildronāta lietošanas ietekme uz glikozes
metabolismu. Mēs noskaidrojām mildronāta ietekmi uz glikozes metabolismu veselos
dzīvniekos, kā arī mildronāta ietekmi uz diabēta attīstību eksperimentālajā 2. tipa diabēta
modelī – Goto-Kakizaki (G-K) žurkās. Tā kā 2. tipa diabēta pacientiem ir paaugstināts
aterosklerozes un miokarda infarkta attīstības risks, mēs arī pētījām mildronāta ietekmi uz
aterosklerozes attīstību un mildronāta kardioprotektīvā efekta attīstības dinamiku.
Pētot mildronāta lietošanas ietekmi uz glikozes metabolismu veselos dzīvniekos,
secinājām, ka trīs nedēļu mildronāta kurss samazina glikozes koncentrāciju asinīs tukšā
dūšā un stimulēja insulīna stimulēto glikozes uzņemšanu izolētā peles sirds modelī in
vitro. Paaugstinātā glikozes uzņemšana varētu būt skaidrojama ar paaugstināto GLUT-4,
insulīna receptora un piruvāta dehidrogenāzes kompleksa enzīmu ekspresiju. G-K līnijas
žurkās mildronāta terapija samazināja glikozes koncentrāciju asinīs tukšā dūšā un pēc
ēšanas, samazināja aortas kontraktilitāti pret fenilefrīnu, bet eksperimentālajā sirds
infarkta modelī in vitro samazināja nekrozes zonu. Mildronāta terapija arī samazināja
neiropātisko komplikāciju smagumu G-K līnijas žurkās. Apolipoproteīna E un zema
blīvuma lipoproteīnu receptora dubultnokaut (apoE/LDLR-/-) peļu aterosklerozes modelī,
mildronāta lietošana samazināja aterosklerotisko pangu veidošanos aortā. Mildronāta
antiaterosklerotiskā darbība varētu būt skaidrojama ar samazināta superoksīda anjona
rašanos aortās un uzlabotu endoteliālo NO sintēzi. Mildronāta ievadīšana 28 dienu kursa
veidā izraisīja karnitīna koncentrācijas samazināšanos un GBB koncentrācijas
palielināšanos gan asins plazmā, gan sirds audos. Maksimālās karnitīna un GBB
koncentrāciju izmaiņas tika sasniegtas 14. dienā pēc mildronāta ievadīšanas sākuma.
Eksperimentālajā sirds infarkta modelī in vitro, tika atklāts, ka mildronāts statistiski
ticami samazina nekrozes zonu tikai pēc 14 dienu lietošanas un pastāv korelācija starp
nekrozes zonu un GBB, kā arī mildronāta koncentrāciju asins plazmā.
Iegūtie zinātniskā darba rezultāti pirmo reizi parāda, ka mildronāts regulē glikozes
metabolismu un ar to saistīto gēnu ekspresiju, kā arī samazina aterosklerotisko bojājumu
attīstību. Bez tam, rezultāti ļauj secināt, ka nepieciešama 14 dienu mildronāta terapija, lai
attīstītos statistiski ticams mildronāta kardioprotektīvais efekts, kas nezūd uz 2. tipa
diabēta fona. Balstoties uz iegūtajiem rezultātiem, varam secināt, ka mildronāta lietošana
2. tipa cukura diabēta pacientiem ar citām kardiovaskulārajām slimībām varētu mazināt
ar 2. tipa diabēta saistīto kardiovaskulāro slimību attīstību.
Atslēgvārdi: mildronāts, karnitīns, GBB, 2. tipa cukura diabēts, ateroskleroze,
išēmija-reperfūzija, metabolā terapija.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is associated with impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. Patients with type 2 diabetes are at elevated risk for a number of serious health problems, including, cardiovascular diseases. In clinical studies it has been shown that the incidence of many of these outcomes is directly associated with the degree of hyperglycemia and reduction of blood glucose level decrease incidence of cardiovascular events. Mildronate, an inhibitor of carnitine biosynthesis, exerts cardioprotective action trough inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. However, its influence on glucose oxidation and pathways of cellular energy metabolism has not been studied before in details. We investigated effect of mildronate treatment on glucose metabolism in healthy animals and on development of diabetes in experimental model of type 2 diabetes mellitus - Goto- Kakizaki (G-K) rats. Since type 2 diabetes patients have increased risk of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction, we also investigated the influence of mildronate administration on development of atherosclerosis in experimental model of atherosclerosis and dynamics of onset of cardioprotective effect. During the investigations of mildronate effects on glucose metabolism in healthy animals we found for the first time that mildronate three week treatment decreased blood glucose level at fasted state and increased insulin stimulated glucose uptake in isolated mouse heart in vitro. Increased glucose uptake could be explained by elevated expression of GLUT-4, insulin receptor and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes. In G-K rats mildronate treatment decreased blood glucose level in fasted and fed state, reduced sensitivity of aortic rings to phenylephrine and decreased size of necrosis zone in experimental model of heart infarction in vitro. Moreover, mildronate administration reduced the severity of neuropathic complications in G-K rats. Mildronate treatment reduced formation of atherosclerotic lesions in aortas of apolipoprotein E and low density lipoprotein receptor double knockout (apoE/LDLR-/-) mice. We suggest that antiatherosclerotic mechanism of mildronate could involve inhibition of production of superoxide anion in aorta and stimulation of endothelial NO synthesis. Mildronate administration for 28 days decreased concentration of carnitine and increased concentration of GBB in both, plasma and heart. Plato concentrations of GBB and carnitine were reached on the 14th day of mildronate treatment. In experimental model of heart infarction in vitro, we showed that statistically significant decrease of necrosis zone was observed only after 14 days of mildronate treatment and correlations between the size of necrosis zone and GBB as well mildronate concentration in plasma were found. In conclusion, obtained results for the first time give evidence that mildronate regulates glucose metabolism and related gene expression, possesses antiatherosclerotic effect. In addition, we found that at least 14-day mildronate treatment is needed for achievement of anti-infarction effect that is also present in experimental model of type 2 diabetes. These findings indicate that the mildronate treatment could be beneficial in diabetes patients with other cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: mildronate, carnitine, GBB, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemiareperfusion, metabolic therapy .
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is associated with impaired glucose and lipid metabolism. Patients with type 2 diabetes are at elevated risk for a number of serious health problems, including, cardiovascular diseases. In clinical studies it has been shown that the incidence of many of these outcomes is directly associated with the degree of hyperglycemia and reduction of blood glucose level decrease incidence of cardiovascular events. Mildronate, an inhibitor of carnitine biosynthesis, exerts cardioprotective action trough inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. However, its influence on glucose oxidation and pathways of cellular energy metabolism has not been studied before in details. We investigated effect of mildronate treatment on glucose metabolism in healthy animals and on development of diabetes in experimental model of type 2 diabetes mellitus - Goto- Kakizaki (G-K) rats. Since type 2 diabetes patients have increased risk of atherosclerosis and acute myocardial infarction, we also investigated the influence of mildronate administration on development of atherosclerosis in experimental model of atherosclerosis and dynamics of onset of cardioprotective effect. During the investigations of mildronate effects on glucose metabolism in healthy animals we found for the first time that mildronate three week treatment decreased blood glucose level at fasted state and increased insulin stimulated glucose uptake in isolated mouse heart in vitro. Increased glucose uptake could be explained by elevated expression of GLUT-4, insulin receptor and pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes. In G-K rats mildronate treatment decreased blood glucose level in fasted and fed state, reduced sensitivity of aortic rings to phenylephrine and decreased size of necrosis zone in experimental model of heart infarction in vitro. Moreover, mildronate administration reduced the severity of neuropathic complications in G-K rats. Mildronate treatment reduced formation of atherosclerotic lesions in aortas of apolipoprotein E and low density lipoprotein receptor double knockout (apoE/LDLR-/-) mice. We suggest that antiatherosclerotic mechanism of mildronate could involve inhibition of production of superoxide anion in aorta and stimulation of endothelial NO synthesis. Mildronate administration for 28 days decreased concentration of carnitine and increased concentration of GBB in both, plasma and heart. Plato concentrations of GBB and carnitine were reached on the 14th day of mildronate treatment. In experimental model of heart infarction in vitro, we showed that statistically significant decrease of necrosis zone was observed only after 14 days of mildronate treatment and correlations between the size of necrosis zone and GBB as well mildronate concentration in plasma were found. In conclusion, obtained results for the first time give evidence that mildronate regulates glucose metabolism and related gene expression, possesses antiatherosclerotic effect. In addition, we found that at least 14-day mildronate treatment is needed for achievement of anti-infarction effect that is also present in experimental model of type 2 diabetes. These findings indicate that the mildronate treatment could be beneficial in diabetes patients with other cardiovascular diseases. Keywords: mildronate, carnitine, GBB, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemiareperfusion, metabolic therapy .