Network Virtualization Based on Effective Packet Transformations
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Latvijas Universitāte
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eng
Abstract
Promocijas darbā ir piedāvātas divas oriģinālas tehnoloģijas, kas
paaugstina datortīklu virtualizēšanas efektivitāti: ZERO tunelēšanas protokols,
un Pakešu Transformāciju Valoda (Packet Transformation Language, PTL), kas
ļauj kompaktā pierakstā formāli aprakstīt ZERO un citus tunelēšanas
protokolus.
Darbā ir piedāvāts Ethernet-pāri-IP tunelēšanas protokols, kas nodala visus
Ethernet kadrus tunelēšanai NICE un UGLY kadros. UGLY kadri tiek tunelēti
ar tradicionālām metodēm, kā UDP vai GRE enkapsulācija, kas būtiski
palielina kopējo paketes garumu dēļ papildus galvenēm un fragmentēšanas, kas
parasti nepieciešama, lai transportētu garus Ethernet kadrus pāri IP datortīklam,
kam parasti maksimālais pārsūtāmās vienības lielums MTU=1500 baiti. Toties
NICE Ethernet kadri tiek tunelēti, nepalielinot kopējo pakešu garumu, kā
parastas IPv4 paketes, pateicoties netradicionālai “fragment offset” IP galvenes
lauka lietošanai. Ir parādīts, ka tipiskai Internet plūsmai, ko transportē pāri
Ethernet, piedāvātais ZERO tunelēšanas protokols 99.94% no Ethernet kadriem
klasificē kā NICE un tādēļ tunelē Ethernet pāri IP praktiski bez pakešu
palielinājuma un bez fragmentēšanas. Piedāvātā tunelēšanas metode aptver arī
Ethernet kadrus, kas satur VLAN un MPLS birkas, kā arī IPv6 paketes – tās
visas arī var tikt klasificētas kā NICE un transportētas praktiski bez pakešu
palielinājuma pāri Internetam vai privātam IPv4 transporta tīklam.
Nepieredzēta efektivitāte piedāvātajam tunelēšanas protokolam paver iespējas
plašai 2. OSI līmeņa izplatībai pāri esošām 3. OSI līmeņa infrastruktūrām,
tādējādi paverot lauku jaunām tīklu arhitektūrām, kas nepieciešamas
mūsdienīgiem pielietojumiem, piemēram, “lietu Internets” (Internet of things)
vai mākoņu (clouds) infrastruktūras.
Reālās dzīves testi ar ZERO protokola realizāciju Linux kodola veidā
parādīja jaunā protokola praktiskumu un arī atklāja jaunu novērojumu – arī reti
sūtītās kanālu sinhronizācijas paketes tiek fragmentētas tikai 2-6% apmērā
nepastāvīgu tīkla plūsmu, piemēram, Tīmekļa pārlūkošanas, gadījumos.
Balstoties uz piedāvāto efektīvas tunelēšanas tehnoloģiju, šinī darbā ir
piedāvātas arhitektūras divām sistēmām: nākamās paaudzes Zinātniskais
mākonis, un reālā laika astronomisko datu straumju apstrādes sistēma. ZERO
protokols ir piedāvāts kā efektīvs tunelēšanas risinājums federatīvu
infrastruktūras mākoņu (IaaS) savienošanai.
Atslēgas vārdi: datoru tīkli, Internets, tunelēšana, Ethernet, straumes
apstrāde, mākoņdatošana.
Two original technologies are proposed in this thesis that improve network virtualization effectiveness: ZERO tunneling protocol, and Packet Transformation Language (PTL) that can formally describe ZERO and other tunneling protocols in a compact language. ZERO is the proposed Ethernet over IP tunneling protocol, which divides all Ethernet frames to be tunneled into NICE and UGLY frames. The UGLY frames are tunneled by traditional methods, such as UDP or GRE encapsulation, resulting in substantial overhead due to additional headers and fragmentation typically required to transport long Ethernet frames over IP network traditionally limited to MTU=1500 bytes. Meanwhile the NICE Ethernet frames are tunneled without any overhead as plain IPv4 packets due to non-traditional reuse of “fragment offset” field in the IP header. It is shown that for typical Internet traffic transported over Ethernet, the proposed ZERO tunneling protocol classifies 99.94% of Ethernet frames as NICE and thus results in nearly zero-overhead, no fragmenting Ethernet over IP tunneling. The proposed tunneling method extends also to Ethernet frames containing VLAN and MPLS tags, as well as IPv6 packets – all of these also can be classified as NICE and transported with zero-overhead over Internet or private IPv4 transport network. Unprecedented efficiency of the proposed tunneling protocol enables wide use of L2 transparency across existing L3 infrastructures thus leading to new network design patterns essential for modern applications such as Internet of things or cloud infrastructures. Real world tests of a Linux kernel ZERO protocol implementation proved practicality of the new protocol and also uncovered a new observation – even the rare channel synchronization packets get fragmented only at 2-6% rate on burst traffic like Web browsing. Based on the effective tunneling technology, the architecture of next generation Scientific Cloud and real time stream processing of astronomical data systems are proposed. The ZERO protocol is proposed as effective tunneling solution for joining federated IaaS clouds. Keywords: computer networks, Internet, tunneling, Ethernet, stream processing, cloud computing.
Two original technologies are proposed in this thesis that improve network virtualization effectiveness: ZERO tunneling protocol, and Packet Transformation Language (PTL) that can formally describe ZERO and other tunneling protocols in a compact language. ZERO is the proposed Ethernet over IP tunneling protocol, which divides all Ethernet frames to be tunneled into NICE and UGLY frames. The UGLY frames are tunneled by traditional methods, such as UDP or GRE encapsulation, resulting in substantial overhead due to additional headers and fragmentation typically required to transport long Ethernet frames over IP network traditionally limited to MTU=1500 bytes. Meanwhile the NICE Ethernet frames are tunneled without any overhead as plain IPv4 packets due to non-traditional reuse of “fragment offset” field in the IP header. It is shown that for typical Internet traffic transported over Ethernet, the proposed ZERO tunneling protocol classifies 99.94% of Ethernet frames as NICE and thus results in nearly zero-overhead, no fragmenting Ethernet over IP tunneling. The proposed tunneling method extends also to Ethernet frames containing VLAN and MPLS tags, as well as IPv6 packets – all of these also can be classified as NICE and transported with zero-overhead over Internet or private IPv4 transport network. Unprecedented efficiency of the proposed tunneling protocol enables wide use of L2 transparency across existing L3 infrastructures thus leading to new network design patterns essential for modern applications such as Internet of things or cloud infrastructures. Real world tests of a Linux kernel ZERO protocol implementation proved practicality of the new protocol and also uncovered a new observation – even the rare channel synchronization packets get fragmented only at 2-6% rate on burst traffic like Web browsing. Based on the effective tunneling technology, the architecture of next generation Scientific Cloud and real time stream processing of astronomical data systems are proposed. The ZERO protocol is proposed as effective tunneling solution for joining federated IaaS clouds. Keywords: computer networks, Internet, tunneling, Ethernet, stream processing, cloud computing.