Budistu tempļu arhitektūra Naras periodā (710.-794.)
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Latvijas Universitāte
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lav
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Bakalaura darbā “Budistu tempļu arhitektūra Naras periodā (710.-794.)” tiek apskatīta budistu tempļu arhitektūras parādīšanās Japānas salās, kura pilnībā izmainījusi Japāņu priekšstatu par arhitektūru kopsummā. 552. gadā pirmie budistu mūki kopā ar dažādu mākslu, tai skaitā arhitektūras, meistariem, iepazīstina Japāņus ar jauno reliģiju un tehnoloģijām, kuras jau gadsimtiem ilgi eksistē Āzijas kontinentā. Pakāpeniski, apgūstot jaunos arhitektūras paņēmienus, japāņi sāk būvēt tempļus, balstoties uz Korejas tempļu paraugiem. Prinča Šōtoku valdīšanas laikā tiek izsludināta Hōrjūdži tempļa būvniecība, kur šī tempļa celtnes tiek veidotas pēc unikāla izvietojuma, kurš līdz šim nav manīts nevienā citā budistu templī. Kopā ar Hōrjūdži templi tiek būvēti Šitennōdži un Asukadera tempļi, kur Asukadera tempļa celtņu izvietojuma stils attīstas, kļūstot par Naras perioda standarta stilu. Jaunais stils paredz tempļa galvenās ēkas jeb Kondō ievietošanu primārās ēkas pozīcijā, kamēr pagoda, kura iepriekš ieņēma doto pozīciju, tiek dublicēta un izvietota ārpus tempļa centrālās daļas panākot, ka celtne sāk pildīt estētisko funkciju neskatoties uz to, ka tajā vēl joprojām glabājas svarīgas reliģiskās relikvijas. Kopš Heidžōkjō kļūst par pirmo oficiāli atzīto galvaspilsētu, vairāki tempļi sāk savu būvniecību tās ietvaros, tomēr tikai septiņi no tiem bija pietiekoši ietekmīgi, lai uzbūvētu grandiozus tempļu kompleksus, kamēr pārējie varēja atļauties tikai mazākus tempļus. Sakarā ar atšķirību starp ietekmīgākiem un mazāk ietekmīgākiem tempļiem, katra tempļa Kondō tika iedalīta vienā no trīs klasēm, kur pirmās klases ēkas tika veidotas ar sarežģītākām tehnoloģijām, kā arī to izmēri bija lielāki nekā otrās un trešās klases ēkām. Katrs budistu templis ietver sevī ne tikai rituāliem un ceremonijām paredzētās ēkas, bet arī vārtus, ēdnīcas, dzīvojamās ēkas un glabātavas, kuras, savukārt, pilda svarīgas tempļa un tā mūku uzturēšanas funkcijas. Tā kā katrai celtnei bija paredzēts savs unikāls pielietojums, to arhitektūra mainījās atkarībā no to funkcijām. Sakarā ar unikālām budisma idejām un tā filozofiju, budistu tempļi tika veidoti pēc konkrētām prasībām, kur, balstoties uz fen šui , templis tiek pasargāts no nelaimēm un gūst labklājību. Protams, ne tikai filozofiskas idejas pasargā templi no nelaimēm, bet arī arhitektūrā iebūvētie reliģiozie dekoratīvie elementi, kuru izskats atšķiras balstoties pēc to izvietojuma.
The Bachelor's Thesis “Buddhist Temple Architecture in the Nara Period (710-794)” discusses the appearance of Buddhist temple architecture on the Japanese islands, which has completely altered Japan's overall view to architecture. In 552, the first Buddhist monks, along with masters of various arts, including architecture, introduced Japan to the new religion and technologies that has existed on the Asian mainland for centuries. Gradually learning new architectural techniques, the Japanese are building temples based on Korean temple patterns, but during the reign of Prince Shotoku, the construction of Hōryūji temple is proclaimed, where the buildings of this temple are built according to a unique pattern that has never been seen in any other Buddhist temple. Together with the temple of Hōryūji Shitennōji and Asukadera temples are being built, where the building placement style of the Asukadera temple develops into a standard style of Nara period. The new style involves placing the temple's main building, the Kondō, in the position of the primary building, while the pagoda, which previously occupied the position, is duplicated and placed outside the central part of the temple, making the building to fulfil more of aesthetic function despite the fact that it still contains important religious relics. Since Heijōkyō became the first officially recognized capital city, several temples began the costruction witnin it, but only seven of them were powerful enough to build grandiose temple complexes while other could affor only smaller scale temples. Due to the difference between the more influential and less influential temples, Kondō of each temple was divided into one of three classes, where first-class buildings were made with more sophisticated technologies and larger in size than second and third class. Each Buddhist temple includes not only buildings for rituals and ceremonies, but also gates, refectories, residential buildings and repositories, which in turn provide maintenance functions for the temple and its monks. As each building has its own unique usage, their architecture differed depending on their function. Due to unique Buddhist ideas and its philosophy, Buddhist temples were created according to specific requirements, where, based on the feng shui, the temples are protected from misfortune and blessed with prosperity. Of course, not only philosophical ideas protect the temple from misfortunes, but also the religious decorative elements, the appearance of which differed according to their placement.
The Bachelor's Thesis “Buddhist Temple Architecture in the Nara Period (710-794)” discusses the appearance of Buddhist temple architecture on the Japanese islands, which has completely altered Japan's overall view to architecture. In 552, the first Buddhist monks, along with masters of various arts, including architecture, introduced Japan to the new religion and technologies that has existed on the Asian mainland for centuries. Gradually learning new architectural techniques, the Japanese are building temples based on Korean temple patterns, but during the reign of Prince Shotoku, the construction of Hōryūji temple is proclaimed, where the buildings of this temple are built according to a unique pattern that has never been seen in any other Buddhist temple. Together with the temple of Hōryūji Shitennōji and Asukadera temples are being built, where the building placement style of the Asukadera temple develops into a standard style of Nara period. The new style involves placing the temple's main building, the Kondō, in the position of the primary building, while the pagoda, which previously occupied the position, is duplicated and placed outside the central part of the temple, making the building to fulfil more of aesthetic function despite the fact that it still contains important religious relics. Since Heijōkyō became the first officially recognized capital city, several temples began the costruction witnin it, but only seven of them were powerful enough to build grandiose temple complexes while other could affor only smaller scale temples. Due to the difference between the more influential and less influential temples, Kondō of each temple was divided into one of three classes, where first-class buildings were made with more sophisticated technologies and larger in size than second and third class. Each Buddhist temple includes not only buildings for rituals and ceremonies, but also gates, refectories, residential buildings and repositories, which in turn provide maintenance functions for the temple and its monks. As each building has its own unique usage, their architecture differed depending on their function. Due to unique Buddhist ideas and its philosophy, Buddhist temples were created according to specific requirements, where, based on the feng shui, the temples are protected from misfortune and blessed with prosperity. Of course, not only philosophical ideas protect the temple from misfortunes, but also the religious decorative elements, the appearance of which differed according to their placement.