Kara, trimdas un izsūtījuma pieredzes attēlojums autobiogrāfiskajos latviešu rakstnieču darbos 20./21.gs. mijā: laikmeta konteksts, teorijas un prakse
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Latvijas Universitāte
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lav
Abstract
Politiskās pārmaiņas Eiropā un Latvijā 1990to gadu sākumā ir devušas iespēju
iekļaut Latvijas literārajā apritē tādas iepriekš noklusētas un marginalizētas tēmas kā
padomju varas realizēto izsūtījumu un Otra Pasaules kara izraisītās trimdas pieredze
un veikt zaudētās pagātnes rekonstruēšanu. Vēstures rakstīšana ir postkoloniālo
autobiogrāfisko tekstu centrālā interese, jo daudzas padotās vēstures nav iekļautas
dominējošajos vēsturiskajos naratīvos vai arī tās ir grūti reprezentējamas (Dipesch
Chakrabarty).
Darba tēma ir izsūtījuma un trimdas pieredzes atspoguļojums latviešu
rakstnieču darbos, kas radīti vai publicēti 20./21.gs. mijā. Darba mērķis ir aktualizēt
un analizēt sieviešu naratīvus par izsūtījumu, karu un trimdu maksimāli apkopojošā
veidā un pamatot to piederību postkoloniālās feministiskās literatūras paradigmai.
Latviešu sieviešu autobiogrāfisko naratīvu analīze tiek veikta, izmantojot
feministiskās un postkoloniālās literatūras teoriju un metodoloģiju.
Kā nozīmīgākie izsūtījuma un trimdas pieredzi atspoguļojošie darbi analīzei ir
izvēlēti: Anitas Liepas romāns „Ekshumācija” (1990), Melānijas Vanagas darbs
„Veļupes krastā” (1991), Sandras Kalnietes dokumentālais romāns „Ar balles kurpēm
Sibīrijas sniegos” (2001), trimdā (ASV) tapušais Agates Nesaules autobiogrāfiskais
romāns „Sieviete dzintarā” (1995) un Margitas Gūtmanes prozas darbs „Vēstules
mātei” (1998). Visus darbus vieno vēstītāja veids – subalternās balsis, kas ilgu laiku
no literārās aprites bija izslēgtas, un darbu tematiskā līdzība.
Vēsturiskā, sociālkulturālā un literārā konteksta iezīmēšanai ir izmantoti arī
citi autobiogrāfiskie darbi par izsūtījumu, trimdu, kā arī dzīvi okupāciju un kara
plosītajā Latvijā. Cittautu konteksta iezīmēšanai tiks izmantoti vairāki romāni par
izsūtījuma un Otrā pasaules kara nobeiguma tēmu – Sofi Oksanenas romāns
„Attīrīšanās”, Hertas Milleres romāns „Elpas šūpoles”, Rūtas Šepetis romāns „Starp
pelēkiem toņiem” un anonīmas autores dienasgrāmata „Sieviete dzintarā”. Konteksta
un intertekstualitātes izpratnei ir analizēts Jeržija Kosinska romāns „Nokrāsotais
putns” („The Painted Bird”) un Annas Frankas dienasgrāmata, kas Agates Nesaules
romāna „Sieviete dzintarā” piešķir tādas papildus perspektīvas kā traumētas bērna
psihes izpausmes un vardarbības upuru otrreizējā stigmatizēšanā savējo vidū.
Promocijas darba mērķis ir analizēt izsūtījuma un trimdas pieredzes
atspoguļojumu 20./21. gs mijas latviešu rakstnieču darbos postkoloniālās un
feministiskās literatūras teorijas un kritikas kontekstā.
Promocijas darba uzdevumi:
1. Identificēt postkoloniālās feministiskās autobiogrāfijas paradigmas un
pamatkonceptus, kas izmantojami, analizējot un salīdzinot latviešu rakstnieču
naratīvus par trimdu un izsūtījumu.
2. Analizēt izsūtījuma un trimdas pieredzes atspoguļojumu latviešu rakstnieču
autobiogrāfijās un autobiogrāfiskajos romānos, salīdzinot tos ar citiem
vēstījumiem latviešu un cittautu literatūrā (pamatā Austrumu un Centrāleiropas
tautu literatūrā).
3. Izvērtēt latviešu feministisko autobiogrāfiju iekļaušanos postpadomju /
postkoloniālajā literārajā telpā.
4. Veikt latviskās identitātes raksturojumu, salīdzinot latviešu un citu tautu sieviešu
rīcību līdzīgās situācijās un refleksiju par šo rīcību
Darba novitāte ir specifiskas 20. gs. vēsturiskās pieredzes (izsūtījums,
došanās trimdā) aktualizācija un analīze latviešu mūsdienu literatūrā postkoloniālās
literārās paradigmas ietvaros, respektējot dzimumdiferences aspektus literārajā
jaunradē, kas līdz šim apkopojošā veidā nav darīts.
Darbs ir strukturēts četrās daļās ar vairākām apakšnodaļām katrā daļā, darbam
ir ievads un nobeigums:
1. Piecu galveno analizēto romānu raksturojums.
2. Sievietes identitātes definēšana izceļošanas pieredzē un trimdā, kļūšana
Political changes in Europe and Latvia in the early 1990ies provided a chance to introduce such previously silenced and marginalised themes as deportations of civilians by the soviet power and massive exile at the end of the Second World War into Latvian literature and to become involve in reconstruction of the lost past. As Dipesch Chakrabarty suggests, writing of history is the central interest of postcolonial autobiographical texts as many subjected histories are not included or are difficult to represent in the dominant historic narratives. The theme of this paper is representation of deportations and exile in the narratives by Latvian female authors published at the turn of the 20th/21st centuries. The aim of the paper is to analyze these narratives and argue that these narratives belong to the feministic postcolonial autobiographical paradigm. The analysis of the Latvian female autobiographical text is done using theory and methodology of feministic and postcolonial literature. The novel „Exhumation” (1990) by Anita Liepa, „Veļupes Krastā” (1991) by Melānija Vanaga, „With Dance Shoes in Siberian Snows” (2001) by Sandra Kalnietes, „A Woman in Amber” (1995) by Agate Nesaule and „Letters to Mother” (1998) by Margita Gūtmane are selected for analysis as the most significant literary works representing deportation (first three) and exile experience (last two). The narratives are unified by a subaltern subject that was exluded from the literary mainstream for a long time and the thematic similarity of the texts. To provide historic, sociocultural and literary context other autobiographical narratives about deportation, exile and life in Latvia under occupation powers and during the Second World War while other Latvians were fleeting to the Western countries are used. Those include texts „Mēģinu būt atklāts” by Oļģerts Kroders, „Aldaune” by Velta Toma, „Elpas šūpoles” by Herta Muller, “Starp pelēkiem toņiem” by Ruta Šepetys, “Attīrīšanās” by Sofi Oksanen and a diary by an anonymous German author. The Bille Trilogy by Vizma Belševica is included in the analysis, as it adds the space of Latvia to the analysed texts of deportations to Siberia and exile in the Western European countries and North America. The Bille Trilogy also provides an example for the pattern of mother-daughter relationship as compared to other patterns of family relationships depicted in the analysed works. To understand the Intertexuality of the novel „A Woman in Amber” the Diary of Anne Frank and the novel „The Painted Bird” by Jerzy Kosinski are analysed, as they add to the narrative of Nesaule perspectives she does not explicitly mention a similarly traumatised child psyche or need for revenge after traumatising experiences. The aim of this PhD work is to analyse the representation of deportation and exile experience in autobiographical writing of Latvian female authors at the turn of 20th and 21st centuries within the context of feminist postcolonial literary theory and methodology. The theoretical framework of this dissertation is based on postcolonial theoretical works of Franz Fenon, Homi K. Bhabha, Gayatri Chakravorty, David Chioni Moore, feminist theoreticians and theory of autobiography (Leigh Gilmore, Sidonie Smith) and exile (Sophia A. McClennen). The promotion work also builds on literary criticism of those Latvian scholars who use postcolonial methodology – Sandra Meškova, Benedikts Kalnačs, and those who analyse Latvian literature in feministic paradigm – Ausma Cimdiņa, Sandra Sebre, and exile scholar Inta Ezergaile. The promotion work “Representation of War, Exile and Deportations Experience in the Narratives of Latvian Female Authors of the Turn of 20th and 21th Centuries: Context, Theory and Prac
Political changes in Europe and Latvia in the early 1990ies provided a chance to introduce such previously silenced and marginalised themes as deportations of civilians by the soviet power and massive exile at the end of the Second World War into Latvian literature and to become involve in reconstruction of the lost past. As Dipesch Chakrabarty suggests, writing of history is the central interest of postcolonial autobiographical texts as many subjected histories are not included or are difficult to represent in the dominant historic narratives. The theme of this paper is representation of deportations and exile in the narratives by Latvian female authors published at the turn of the 20th/21st centuries. The aim of the paper is to analyze these narratives and argue that these narratives belong to the feministic postcolonial autobiographical paradigm. The analysis of the Latvian female autobiographical text is done using theory and methodology of feministic and postcolonial literature. The novel „Exhumation” (1990) by Anita Liepa, „Veļupes Krastā” (1991) by Melānija Vanaga, „With Dance Shoes in Siberian Snows” (2001) by Sandra Kalnietes, „A Woman in Amber” (1995) by Agate Nesaule and „Letters to Mother” (1998) by Margita Gūtmane are selected for analysis as the most significant literary works representing deportation (first three) and exile experience (last two). The narratives are unified by a subaltern subject that was exluded from the literary mainstream for a long time and the thematic similarity of the texts. To provide historic, sociocultural and literary context other autobiographical narratives about deportation, exile and life in Latvia under occupation powers and during the Second World War while other Latvians were fleeting to the Western countries are used. Those include texts „Mēģinu būt atklāts” by Oļģerts Kroders, „Aldaune” by Velta Toma, „Elpas šūpoles” by Herta Muller, “Starp pelēkiem toņiem” by Ruta Šepetys, “Attīrīšanās” by Sofi Oksanen and a diary by an anonymous German author. The Bille Trilogy by Vizma Belševica is included in the analysis, as it adds the space of Latvia to the analysed texts of deportations to Siberia and exile in the Western European countries and North America. The Bille Trilogy also provides an example for the pattern of mother-daughter relationship as compared to other patterns of family relationships depicted in the analysed works. To understand the Intertexuality of the novel „A Woman in Amber” the Diary of Anne Frank and the novel „The Painted Bird” by Jerzy Kosinski are analysed, as they add to the narrative of Nesaule perspectives she does not explicitly mention a similarly traumatised child psyche or need for revenge after traumatising experiences. The aim of this PhD work is to analyse the representation of deportation and exile experience in autobiographical writing of Latvian female authors at the turn of 20th and 21st centuries within the context of feminist postcolonial literary theory and methodology. The theoretical framework of this dissertation is based on postcolonial theoretical works of Franz Fenon, Homi K. Bhabha, Gayatri Chakravorty, David Chioni Moore, feminist theoreticians and theory of autobiography (Leigh Gilmore, Sidonie Smith) and exile (Sophia A. McClennen). The promotion work also builds on literary criticism of those Latvian scholars who use postcolonial methodology – Sandra Meškova, Benedikts Kalnačs, and those who analyse Latvian literature in feministic paradigm – Ausma Cimdiņa, Sandra Sebre, and exile scholar Inta Ezergaile. The promotion work “Representation of War, Exile and Deportations Experience in the Narratives of Latvian Female Authors of the Turn of 20th and 21th Centuries: Context, Theory and Prac