Unpacking sideloading: exploring regulatory frameworks, competition law Implications, and stakeholder dynamics in the mobile app ecosystem

Abstract

This thesis investigates sideloading within the context of the operating system duopoly and as an obligation under Article 6(4) of the Digital Markets Act (DMA). Apple and Google exert significant control over app distribution within their mobile ecosystems dominated by official app marketplaces. Before the DMA, both companies restricted sideloading, with Apple prohibiting it entirely. Article 6(4) of the DMA marks a shift by requiring gatekeepers to open their mobile ecosystems. This study examines how the DMA provisions reshape market dynamics by addressing restrictive practices of gatekeepers, marking a shift from conventional Competition Law. It also assesses Apple’s compliance measures, analysing their impact on stakeholders. This thesis reveals that while Article 6(4) of the DMA aims to balance consumer, developer, and gatekeeper interests by promoting sideloading, its effectiveness can be limited by stringent gatekeeper measures. Recommendations include developer feedback mechanisms, consultations, and continuous monitoring.